Healthcare & Medical Insurance in Indonesia

The JKN (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional), more commonly known as the BPJS Kesehatan or BPJS Ketenagakerjaan, is Indonesia’s national health programme. As a member of the BPJS, medical treatment is available for free or for a small charge. The system is in its infancy and is funded by national taxation.

Below public hospitals sit the community health centres, known as ‘puskesmas’. Pukesmas are the primary health providers in many rural areas, often accompanied by the ‘posyandu’, an integrated health service for the most at risk. There are two kinds of Puskesmas, those with beds and those without. Puskesmas are often stretched to their limit.

Indonesia does not currently have a nationwide emergency service; private ambulance services are available but are limited to the larger cities and may not be reliable in urgent situations. 

Public healthcare coverage has seen vast improvements over the last 10 years. However, many of the public hospitals and clinics have yet to reach Western standards of medical care. In the main cities, such as Jakarta, Surabaya or Bandung, you will find some adequate facilities close to Western standards. However, the long waiting times, absence of English-speaking professionals and an overall lack of medical personnel make the public system undesirable for many expats. Equally, the private system has its limits. For many medical emergencies and complex surgical procedures, patients are evacuated to a nearby country.

As a result, non-natives and more affluent natives opt for private health insurance with extensive coverage.

As a non-native, you will pay for your medical care, whether it’s in a public or private facility. Since 2018, expats are eligible for coverage by the BPJS (Indonesia’s public health plan) if they have a residency or work permit for a duration of 6 months or more. Many working expats obtain comprehensive health insurance from their employers. So, if you are relocating for work, check with your employer first to see if their policy is sufficient. 

A large majority of expats and natives have some level of private coverage to avoid paying the higher fees of private hospitals.

The public health insurance, more commonly known as the BPJS Kesehatan or BPJS Ketenagakerjaan, offers basic healthcare and is comprised of the public health sector and select parts of the private sector. Under this programme, medical care is either free or subsidised. It is available to expats who possess a residency or work permit for a duration of 6 months or more. Public health facilities are modest in comparison to their Western counterparts. Consequently, many expats and natives find themselves taking out private coverage to access private medical institutions in main cities or neighbouring countries.

Emergency Care

At present, Indonesia does not have a fully realised medical emergency service. If you have a medical emergency, you can dial 118 for assistance. However, there are significant delays as some areas are poorly serviced by ambulances. Some prefer to take a taxi to nearby ER facilities or use a private ambulance service if they are in a big city. In some cases, medical emergencies and complex surgeries have to be performed in nearby countries, so you may have to be medically evacuated. 

Community Health Centres: Puskesmas and Posyandu

The community health centres, or puskesmas, offer affordable aid to those on lower income. There are an estimated 12,000 puskesmas across Indonesia providing basic healthcare. They are the primary health providers in many rural areas. The puskesmas are staffed with a medical doctor, dentist, midwife, nurse and other community health professionals and volunteers.

The posyandu is a community-based integrated health-post serving the most vulnerable members of the community. They primarily aid women and children in need of immunisations, nutrition, counselling and family planning. Many expats take out private medical insurance and opt to use private health clinics because of the notably better standard of care and access to English-speaking medical staff.

Prescriptions and Pharmacies

Called ‘apotik’, pharmacies are common in larger cities and are often found inside shopping complexes and malls. In rural areas, they can be found in the local health centre but are far less common. Medicines can also be delivered to different outlets via online pharmacies. Expats may find some medications readily available to buy without a prescription and that brand names for certain medicines are likely to differ. A good idea would be to take note of your medication’s generic name to avoid complications. 

Indonesia has strict controls regarding medical substances and has banned many medications that are readily available in English-speaking countries. Before relocating, speak with your doctor and check with the Indonesian customs authority about medications that you plan to bring with you. Often, prescriptions are mandatory for you to bring medication into the country.

There can be large discrepancies in the cost of generic and patented medicines. Some expat websites have reported that prices could be up to ten times higher for patented medicine. There has also been some doubt about the effectiveness of certain generic medicines, despite regulatory authorities stating otherwise. Expats should consult their local doctor about pharmacy recommendations and access to medicines.  

Evacuation and Repatriation

In more rural parts of Indonesia, it might be difficult to get the right standard of urgent treatment locally. In some cases, the islands of Indonesia may not have the specialist equipment and facilities required to treat you in an emergency. In both instances, evacuation and repatriation services can provide a means of transport to wherever is needed, ranging from a taxi or a private ambulance, to a flight or an air ambulance. 

To avoid paying, potentially, tens of thousands of pounds for a medical evacuation service, private health insurance can help to cover the cost. 

Many expats take out private coverage because of the inadequacies of the public health system and the risk of medical evacuation to neighbouring countries for more complex procedures and emergencies.